Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sheets have emerged as promising materials for membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their exceptional chemical properties and resistance to fouling. This study aims to assess the performance of PVDF MBRs in treating industrial wastewater. The experimental invest

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a promising technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their distinct structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a permeable hollow core and a dense outer layer, provide a significant surface area for biofilmdevelopment and effective s